CD8+T细胞亚群在慢性鼻窦炎中的免疫调控作用及其研究进展

Research advances in the immunoregulatory roles of CD8+T cell subsets in chronic rhinosinusitis

摘要:

慢性鼻窦炎（CRS）是耳鼻咽喉头颈外科的常见病和多发病，其特征为病程超过12周的鼻窦黏膜慢性炎症。CRS发病机制复杂，免疫调节在其中起着关键作用。CD8⁺T细胞作为适应性免疫的重要组成部分，近年来其在CRS鼻内免疫微环境中的异质性与功能备受关注。本文以CD8⁺T细胞不同亚群的分类体系为基础，总结了CD8⁺T细胞在不同类型CRS中的分布特征、炎性微环境对其分化的调控作用、不同亚群的功能及细胞因子分泌特征，并探讨了组织驻留记忆T细胞（TRM）、干细胞样记忆性T细胞（TSCM）及颗粒酶K（GZMK）介导的补体激活功能在CRS免疫病理中的潜在作用。本文旨在为深入理解CRS的免疫发病机制提供新视角，并为未来基于免疫细胞的精准诊断与治疗策略提供新思路。

Abstract:

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common and frequently encountered otorhinolaryngologic disease. It is characterized by persistent sinonasal symptoms with mucosal inflammation lasting more than 12 weeks. The pathogenesis of CRS is complex, and immune regulation plays a pivotal role in this process. As a critical component of the adaptive immune system, the heterogeneity and function of CD8⁺ T cells within the CRS intranasal immune microenvironment have garnered significant attention. Based on the classification system of distinct CD8⁺T cells subsets, this review summarizes recent research advances regarding CD8⁺T cells in CRS. It covers their distribution characteristics across different CRS subtypes, the regulatory effects of the inflammatory microenvironment in their differentiation, the functions of various subsets, and their cytokine secretion profiles. Furthermore, it discusses the potential roles of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), stem cell-like memory T cells (TSCM), and granzyme K (GZMK)-mediated complement activation in the immunopathology of CRS. This review aims to provide new perspectives for a deeper understanding of the immune pathogenesis of CRS, as well as to offer novel insights for future precision diagnosis and therapeutic strategies based on immune cells.