大连市花粉浓度对变应性鼻炎就诊量的滞后效应及影响因素分析

Analysis of the lag effect and influencing factors of pollen concentration on allergic rhinitis outpatient visits in Dalian City

摘要:

目的 回顾性分析大连市2024年气传花粉的时空分布特征及其与气象因素、大气污染物的相关性，探讨花粉浓度与变应性鼻炎（AR）就诊量的滞后效应，为大连区域性过敏性疾病防治提供科学依据。方法 采用重力沉降法收集2024年7月9日—10月15日大连市气传花粉，染色后通过光学显微镜鉴定并计数。同步收集气象数据（温度、湿度等）和大气污染物（SO₂、PM _2.5等）的浓度数据。使用医院信息系统提取同期AR的门诊数据，并进行统计分析。结果 ①共捕获气传花粉2 896粒，以蒿属和桑科为主，蒿属花粉浓度变化趋势与总浓度一致。②日平均湿度、2 min平均风速和SO₂、NO₂、PM _2.5与花粉浓度显著相关。③花粉浓度呈单峰分布，高峰期为 8月27日—9月17日；同期AR就诊人数同步攀升，存在1~2 d滞后现象。花粉浓度对AR就诊人数影响最大，其中蒿属与桑科花粉呈显著正相关。④花粉浓度对AR就诊量的滞后影响在暴露后0~4 d最强，在滞后第1天时RR达到峰值（RR=1.58）。结论 大连地区夏秋季花粉浓度与AR发病存在显著关联，且存在滞后效应，受到多种环境因素的共同调控。花粉浓度监测和播报可为过敏性疾病防治提供预警，并为卫生行政部门制定防控策略提供依据。

Abstract:

Objective To provide scientific evidence for regional prevention and control of allergic diseases in Dalian via a retrospective study on the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of airborne pollen and their associations with meteorological factors and air pollutants in Dalian City during 2024, and the lag effect between pollen concentration and outpatient visits for allergic rhinitis (AR).Methods Airborne pollen samples were collected from July 9 to October 15, 2024, using a gravimetric sedimentation method, and then identified and counted under an optical microscope after staining. Meteorological data (temperature, humidity, etc.) and concentrations of air pollutants (SO₂, PM _2.5, etc.) were simultaneously collected. Outpatient data for AR during the same period were extracted from hospital information systems and subjected to statistical analysis.Results ① A total of 2 896 airborne pollen grains were captured, primarily from Artemisia and Moraceae families. The concentration trend of Artemisia pollen was consistent with that of total pollen. ② Daily average humidity, 2-minute average wind speed, and concentrations of SO₂, NO₂, and PM _2.5 showed significant correlations with pollen concentration. ③ Pollen concentration exhibited a unimodal distribution, peaking between August 27 and September 17. AR outpatient visits increased synchronously during this period, showing a 1~2 day lag. Pollen concentration had the strongest influence on AR visit numbers, with significant positive correlations observed for both Artemisia and Moraceae pollens. ④ The lagged impact of pollen concentration on AR visits was strongest within 0~4 days after exposure, reaching its peak relative risk (RR=1.58) at a 1-day lag.Conclusions There is a significant association between summer and autumn pollen concentrations and AR incidence in Dalian, with a clear lag effect modulated by multiple environmental factors. Monitoring and reporting pollen levels can serve as an early warning system for allergic diseases and support public health authorities in formulating effective prevention and control strategies.