兰州地区空气质量及家庭环境因素与变应性鼻炎的相关性研究

Study on the correlation between air quality, household environmental factors, and allergic rhinitis in Lanzhou region

摘要:

目的 探讨兰州地区变应性鼻炎(AR)患病特征，并分析其与空气质量指数(AQI)、家庭环境因素及生活习惯的相关性。方法 以2022年3月—2023年3月兰州市第二人民医院确诊的528例AR患者为研究对象，收集同期兰州市环保局发布的月均AQI数据(包括PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂等主要污染物)，结合标准化问卷调查评估患者的家庭环境因素与生活习惯。采用Logistic回归分析环境暴露因素的比值比(OR)，通过Pearson相关性检验分析AR月就诊率与AQI的关联性。结果 空气污染水平与AR就诊率显著相关，PM_2.5(P<0.01)和PM₁₀(P<0.01)浓度均与AR就诊率呈正相关，冬季燃煤污染期间AR就诊率最高(P<0.01)。室内环节因素如潮湿、霉菌暴露和吸烟行为显著增加AR风险(P<0.001)，其中霉菌暴露(OR=3.02)和吸烟(OR=1.89)是主要影响因素。生活习惯分析显示，冬季通风不足(P=0.02)增加AR风险，而夏季规律通风(P=0.04)和空气净化(P=0.001)具有保护作用。结论 兰州地区AR高发与室外空气污染(PM_2.5、PM₁₀)及室内家庭环境暴露(潮湿、霉菌、吸烟)密切相关。建议加强区域性空气质量治理，推广室内防潮除霉措施，并倡导无烟家庭环境以降低AR发病率。

Abstract:

Objective To investigate the prevalence characteristics of allergic rhinitis (AR) in Lanzhou region and analyze its correlation with the air quality index (AQI), household environment, and lifestyle. Methods A total of 528 AR patients diagnosed at the Second People’s Hospital of Lanzhou City, from March 2022 to March 2023 were selected as the research subjects. The monthly average AQI values (including PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, and other pollutants) released by the Lanzhou Environmental Protection Bureau during the same period were collected. A standardized questionnaire was used to assess household environment and lifestyle. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to calculate the odds ratios (OR) of environmental exposure factors, while Pearson correlation analysis was performed to analyze the association between the monthly AR consultation rate and AQI. Results Air pollution was significantly associated with AR incidence. Both PM_2.5 (P<0.01) and PM₁₀ (P<0.01) were positively correlated with AR consultation rates. The consultation rate of AR was the highest during the coal-burning pollution period in winter (P<0.01). Indoor dampness, mold, and smoking significantly increased the risk of AR (P<0.001), with mold exposure (OR=3.02) and smoking (OR=1.89) identified as major risk factors. Lifestyle had a significant impact on AR. Insufficient ventilation in winter increased AR risk (P=0.02), whereas summer ventilation (P=0.04) and air purification (P=0.001) exhibited protective effects. Conclusions The high prevalence of AR in Lanzhou is closely related to air pollution (PM_2.5, PM₁₀) and household environmental exposures (dampness, mold, smoking). Strengthening regional air quality management, promoting indoor moisture and mold control measures, and advocating smoke-free home environments are recommended to reduce the incidence of AR.